%

Occupancy estimation at single or multiple scales

We design surveys and analyze data to estimate the probability of occupancy at single or multiple scales. The assessment of occupancy can incorporate environmental covariates including habitat attributes, resource selection function values, distances-to-features, and anthropogenic attributes; permitting inferences based on those covariates. Occupancy estimation can be based on data from various sources including direct observations, track surveys, and camera traps.

Population size and density estimates

We have extensive experience in the design and analysis of population surveys including survey area and population delineation, sample unit stratification, optimization of survey effort, data collection, and estimation of population sizes and their variances. Methods include: aerial transect and block surveys; mark-and-resight surveys; and distance sampling surveys. Surveys can include determination of detection rates and sightability correction factors. Our surveys are designed to optimally allocate effort to minimize survey cost and variance and can include mid-survey analysis and re-allocation of survey effort.

Population vital rates

We design research and monitoring programs and analyze data to determine vital rates (recruitment, survival, mortality, population growth) and their variances; including the use of telemetry survival data, hunter kill data, and mark-and-resight data.

Population management and population viability modelling

We build deterministic and stochastic models for wildlife populations. Input parameters are derived from empirical data and scientific literature, and may specify density dependent or density independent relationships. Model scenarios are created to assess expected outcomes of potential management actions and natural events such as effects of disease, habitat loss, translocation, culling, and managed hunting.

Population management work includes: sample stratification, effort allocation, and analysis of hunter questionnaires; and development of population monitoring programs to quantitatively evaluate management effectiveness against targets and thresholds.

We employ prospective power analysis from existing data or acquire data through pilot studies to guide study design.

Resource selection functions (RSFs) , habitat assessment and cumulative effects modelling

We have created resource selection functions (RSFs) to describe the behaviour of many wildlife populations, working on multi-scale analysis since the 1990s. Attributes incorporated into our work include remotely-sensed landcover data, forest resource inventories, natural disturbances, and anthropogenic development (linear features, industrial footprints, communities).

Using RSFs for multiple spatial and temporal scales, we have modelled the effects of single industrial developments on wildlife habitat. We have also conducted cumulative effects assessments of multiple existing and prospective natural and human disturbances on wildlife habitat.

Behaviour modelling

In addition to resource selection, we have used wildlife telemetry data to examine the effects of sets of environmental covariates on animal movement vectors. Covariates can include: reproductive status; population density; habitat categories; RSF values; weather data; insect harassment indices; terrain ruggedness; and proximity and direction to industrial developments, roads, and other human and natural features.

Scoping and assessment screening

We screen projects to identify valued environmental components (VECs); build models to identify project-environment interactions; and conduct project-environment pathway analysis, including identification and assessment of mitigation opportunities.

Valued environmental component (VEC)-specific analyses

Where potential project effects exist, we are experienced in delineation of VEC-specific seasons and study areas, and characterization of populations and VEC-specific habitat. Specific analyses include those listed under other headings on this site.

Cumulative Effects Assessment

When cumulative effects assessments are required we characterize point-in-time cases for assessment, and construct case-specific development and habitat features to analyze effects through time. Specific analyses include those listed under other headings on this site.

Identification of indicators and measurable features for monitoring

Environmental monitoring is the science of detecting ecologically important changes. We work with clients to select indicators and identify measureable features related to ecologically important effects. Indicator selection is best addressed iteratively with monitoring program design.

Statistically based monitoring program design

We base environmental monitoring program design on statistical relationships among desired detection of quantifiable effects, sample sizes and sampling schedule. Statistical modelling of various sampling options for different environmental features provides relative estimates of cost-effectiveness and probabilities of success.
The process allows developers and regulators to assess programs for long-term condition monitoring and project-specific effects monitoring; to provide optimal use of financial and human resources. Analyses to guide long-term monitoring may employ any or all of:

• ecological data from other studies;
• existing monitoring program data from the area of interest; and
• the development of pilot programs.

Creation of formal monitoring protocols

Important features of environmental monitoring programs are that they be consistent, sustainable, repeatable, and responsive to results through time. We develop formal protocols that allow programs to span changes in methods and personnel, provide for long-term program maintenance, and guide periodic program review, revision, and retirement.

Development of new analytical and modelling solutions

We are able to provide solutions for unique ecological questions. Our understanding of the principles of data analyses and ecological processes permit us to find appropriate methods to work on ecological problems not previously reported in the literature.

Review and editing of statistical analysis and technical writing

In addition to writing, we review and edit technical reports, including providing third-party assessments of reports submitted to clients.

CONTACT PARAGON.